For those interested in this, I have made some progress.
Using the code below in the DLL, I have been able to get a printf(s) within the DLL to output text that is readable from a pipe within LabVIEW, which I can then put into a text window. Just using a slightly modified version of the Example Output.vi provided previously in the STDIO.zip.
It's a little bit clumsy right now having to use the extra code in the DLL. I'd prefer to be able to get all of that done outside of the DLL so that it doesn't need to be modified for LabVIEW purposes.
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport)int testReadParams(VOID )
{
HANDLE hStdout;
int fStdout;
int a;
hStdout = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
fStdout = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)hStdout, 0);
FILE* f = _fdopen(fStdout, "w");
_dup2(_fileno(f), _fileno(stdout));
a = 50 + 100;
printf("I wonder if this will work.\n ");
printf(" The answer is %d....", a);
fflush(stdout);
return(10);
}